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Twelve families of earthworms occur in North America north of
Mexico - Acanthodrilidae, Criodrilidae, Lutodrilidae, Glossoscolecidae,
Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Eudrilidae, Megascolecidae, Octochaetidae,
Ocnerodrilidae, Sparganophilidae, and Haplotaxidae (most often
considered an aquatic microdrile family, with one genus and
one nominal species in North America); we recognize 40 genera
and 159 nominal species in these families. Of these, 47 nominal
species representing 22 genera in 8 families occur in Illinois.
Several of these primarily terrestrial oligochaetes - Eisenia
foetida and Eiseniella tetraedra (Lumbricidae), and
some of the enchytraeids (Enchytraeidae) - frequently are collected
from freshwater systems; these and a few others are commonly
collected from moist and muddy (limicolous) habitats as well.
Haplotaxis cf. gordioides (Haplotaxidae), a species
that has not yet been collected in its sexually mature state
in North America, is most commonly associated with groundwater
habitats (springs, cave streams, wells, cisterns).
In addition to terrestrial oligochaetes, one semi-terrestrial
leech - Haemopis terrestris (Forbes, 1890) (Hirudinea,
Haemopidae) - also occurs in Illinois.
Historical works focusing on one or more aspects of terrestrial
oligochaetes in Illinois include those by Forbes (1890a,b),
Garman (1888, 1890), the numerous studies of Smith (1895a,b,
1896, 1900a,b, 1912, 1917, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1928), and those
of Smith and Gittens (1915), Smith and Welch (1913), Welch (1914),
and Harman (1960).
The list below has been compiled from records that have been
published in the historical or recent scientific literature.
Of note here are the species from the Walter J. Harman Terrestrial
Annelida Collection, graciously donated to the Illinois Natural
History Survey (INHS) Annelida Collection in Champaign by Dr.
Harman in the late 1980s. The list also accounts for recent
nomenclatural and systematic changes. Many recent works discussing
the phylogeny of aquatic Annelida also have been included in
the section on classification below. References noted in the
text of this document are included in the 'Literature Cited'
section which follows the checklist of species.
Classification of Annelida. Several classifications for
the phylum Annelida have been proposed over the last 20 years.
The reader is directed to Jamieson (1978, 1980, 1988), Timm
(1981), Brinkhurst (1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c,
1992, 1994), Kasprzak (1982, 1984), Kathman and Brinkhurst (1998),
Parker (1982), Holt (1986, 1989), Erséus (1987, 1990),
Sawyer (1986a, 1986b, 1986c), Brinkhurst and Nemec (1987), Coates
(1987, 1989), Nemec and Brinkhurst (1987), Brinkhurst and Gelder
(1989), Gelder and Brinkhurst (1990), and Purschke et al. (1993)
for further discussion on the phylogenetic relationships of
the annelid groups. This paper follows the division of the phylum
Annelida into two subphyla: the Aclitellata (Aphanoneura and
Polychaeta), and the Clitellata (including the Acanthobdellida,
Branchiobdellae, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea). The relationship
of the Aphanoneura to the Polychaeta, however, remains unresolved.
Nomenclature follows Reynolds and Cook (1976, 1981, 1989, 1992).
Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica: Supplementum Quartum
- the fourth supplement to the Reynolds and Cook series, is
currently being compiled by John W. Reynolds and Mark J. Wetzel;
its publication is anticipated for 2002.
Terrestrial Oligochaeta
of Illinois
(List is incomplete!)
P H Y L U M - A N N E L I D A
SUBPHYLUM CLITELLATA
Class Oligochaeta
Order Enchytraeida
Family Enchytraeidae
Genus Fridericia Michaelsen, 1889
Fridericia agilis Smith, 1895
Fridericia firma Smith & Welch, 1913
Fridericia oconeensis Welch, 1914
Fridericia sima Welch, 1914
Fridericia tenera Smith & Welch, 1913
Genus Henlea Michaelsen, 1889
Henlea ochracea (Eisen, 1878)
Henlea urbanensis Welch, 1914
Henlea welchi Bell, 1942
Genus Marionina Pfeffer, 1890
Marionina dirksi Bell, 1942
Genus Mesenchytraeus Eisen, 1878
Mesenchytraeus americanus Bell, 1942
Order Opisthopora
Suborder Lumbricina
Superfamily Glossoscolecoidea
Family Glossoscolecidae
Genus Pontoscolex Schmarda 1861
# Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller,
1856)
Superfamily Lumbricoidea
Family Komarekionidae
Genus Komarekiona Gates, 1974
Komarekiona eatoni Gates, 1974
Family Lumbricidae
Genus Allolobophora Eisen, 1873
Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny, 1826)
- I
Genus Aporrectodea Örley, 1885
Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) - I
Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828)
- I
Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen, 1874) -
I
Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen, 1873) - I
Genus Bimastos H. F. Moore, 1893 - N
Bimastos gieseleri (Ude, 1895)
Bimastos heimburgeri (Smith, 1928)
Bimastos longicinctus (Smith & Gittens, 1915)
Bimastos parvus (Eisen, 1874)
Bimastos tumidus (Eisen, 1874)
Bimastos zeteki (Smith & Gittens, 1915)
Genus Dendrobaena Eisen, 1873
Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny, 1826) -
I
Genus Dendrodrilus Omodeo, 1956
Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny, 1826)
Genus Eisenia Malm, 1877
Eisenia foetida Savigny, 1826 - I
Eisenia hortensis (Michaelsen, 1890) -
I
Genus Eiseniella Michaelsen, 1900
Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny, 1826 -
I
Genus Eisenoides Gates, 1969 - N
Eisenoides carolinensis (Michaelsen,
1910)
Genus Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758
Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmiester, 1843 -
I
Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758 -
I
Genus Octolasion Örley, 1885
Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826) - I
Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny, 1826) -
I
Superfamily Megascolecoidea
Family Acanthodrilidae
Genus Diplocardia Garman, 1888
Diplocardia communis Garman, 1888
Diplocardia conoyeri Murchie, 1961
Diplocardia ornata Gates, 1943
Diplocardia riparia Smith, 1895[= Diplocardia
prosenteris Macnab & McKey-Fender, 1955]
Diplocardia singularis (Ude, 1893)
Diplocardia smithi Macnab & McKey-Fender,
1955
Diplocardia udei Eisen, 1899
Diplocardia verrucosa Ude, 1895
Genus Microscolex Rosa, 1887
Microscolex phosphoreus (Dugès, 1837)
Family Megascolecidae
Genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867
#Amynthas diffringens (Baird, 1869) -
I
#Amynthas hawayanus (Rosa, 1891) - I
Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) -
I
>> New record for Illinois; first reported by Zaborski
and Gittenger (2001) (citation below)
Family Spargonophilidae
Genus Sparganophilus Benham, 1892
Sparganophilus eiseni Smith, 1895
Species preceeded by '#' represent collection records from greenhouses;
they have yet to be found occurring in 'nature' in Illinois.
Genera followed by an 'N' are considered native to North
America.
Species followed by an 'I' are considered introduced
in North America.
Literature Cited & Pertinent References:
(currently incomplete)
Brinkhurst, R. O. 1982. Evolution in the Annelida. Can. J.
Zool. 60(5): 1043-1059.
Brinkhurst, R. O. 1986. Guide to the freshwater aquatic
microdrile oligochaetes of North America. Can. Spec. Publ.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 84. vi + 259 pp.
Brinkhurst, R. O. 1991a. Ancestors. Mitt. Hamburg Mus. Inst.
88(1): 97-110.
Brinkhurst, R. O. 1992. Evolutionary relationships within
the Clitellata. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 24(12): 1202-1205.
Brinkhurst, R. O. 1994. Evolutionary relationships within
the Clitellata: an update. Megadrilogica 5(10: 109-112.
Brinkhurst, R. O., and A. F. L. Nemec. 1987. A comparison
of phenetic and phylogenetic methods applied to the systematics
of Oligochaeta. Hydrobiologia 155: 65-74.
Coates, K. A. 1987. Phylogenetics of some Enchytraeidae
(Annelida: Coates, K. A. 1989. Phylogeny and origins of Enchytraeidae.
Hydrobiologia 180: 17-33.
Dindal, D. L., editor. 1990. Soil biology guide. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York. xviii 1349 pages.
Erséus, C. 1987. Phylogenetic analysis of the aquatic
Oligochaeta under the principle of parsimony. Hydrobiologia
155: 75-89.
Edwards, C. A. Editor. 1998. Earthworm ecology. St. Lucie
Press [CRC Press LLC], Boca Raton, FL. vi + 389.
Fend, S.V. 2000. Megadriles. Pp. 101-106, In: Wetzel, M.J.,
R.D. Kathman, S.V. Fend, and K.A. Coates. 2000. Taxonomy,
systematics, and ecology of freshwater Oligochaeta. Workbook
prepared for the North American Benthological Society Technical
Information Workshop, 48th Annual Meeting, Keystone Resort,
CO. 120 pp. + appendix. [Copyright © 2000. North American
Benthological Society, M.J. Wetzel, R.D. Kathman, S.V. Fend,
and K.A. Coates.] >> This workbook is available by first sending
MJWetzel an E-mail [mjwetzel@uiuc.edu] expressing your interest
in this workbook, then mailing a check or money order to him
[made payable to "NABS - TIC"] at his mailing address [near
the top of this webpage]. Please note that neither Wetzel
nor NABS can accept credit card or invoice orders. All funds
received from the sale of this and other NABS TIC workshop
workbooks will be used to offset the costs of presenting taxonomic
workshops at future meetings.
Fender, W. M. 1985. Earthworms of the western United States.
I. Lumbricidae. Megadrilogica 4: 93-129.
Fender, W. M. 1994. Native earthworms of the Pacific Northwest:
an ecological overview. in P. F. Hendrix, editor. Ecology
and biogeography of earthworms in North America. Lewis Publishing,
Boca Raton, Florida.
Fender, W. M., and McKey-Fender, D. 1990. Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae
and other earthworms from western North America. Pages 357-378,
in D. L. Dindal, editor. Soil biology guide. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York.
Garman, H. 1888. On the anatomy and histology of a new earthworm
(Diplocardia communis, gen. et sp. nov.). Bulletin
of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 3: 47-77.
Harman, W. J. 1960. Studies on the taxonomy and musculature
of the earthworms of central Illinois. University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign. unpublished Ph.D. thesis. v + 107 pp.
[UIUC Library Cat. No. 595.16 H227s]
Holt, P. C. 1989. Comments on the classification of the
Clitellata. Hydrobiologia 180: 1-5.
James, S.W. 1990. Diplocardia kansensis, a new earthworm
from Kansas, with redescriptions of Diplocardia riparia
Smith and D. fuscula Gates (Annelida: Oligochaeta:
Megascolecidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington 103:179-186.
James, S. W. 1990. Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae and other
earthworms from southern and midwestern North America. Pages
379-386, in D. L. Dindal, editor. Soil biology guide. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
James, S. W. 1994. Systematics, biogeography and ecology
of earthworms from eastern, central, southern and southwestern
USA. Pages 29-51, in P. F. Hendrix, editor. Ecology and biogeography
of earthworms in North America. Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton,
Florida.
Jamieson, B. G. M. 1978. Phylogenetic and phenetic systematics
of the opisthoporous Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata). Evol.
Theor. 3(4): 195-233.
Jamieson, B. G. M. 1980. Preliminary discussion of an Hennigian
analysis of the phylogeny and systematics of opisthoporous
oligochaetes. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 17(2): 261-275.
Jamieson, B. G. M. 1988. On the phylogeny and higher classification
of the Oligochaeta. Cladistics 4: 367-410.
Kasprzak, K. 1982. Problems of the origin of oligochaetes
(Annelida: Oligochaeta). Prezgl. Zool. 26: 145-160. (English
translation, Can. Transl. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 4996).
Kasprzak, K. 1984. The previous and contemporary conceptions
on phylogeny and systematic classifications of Oligochaeta
(Annelida). Ann. Zool. (Polska Akad. Nauk Inst. Zool.) 38:
205-223.
Minnich, J. 1977. The earthworm book. Rodale Press, Emmaus,
PA. xii + 372 pp.
Parker, S. P. 1982. Synopsis and classification of living
organisms. McGraw Hill, New York. 1,232 pp.
Peck, S. B., and J. L. Lewis. 1978. Zoogeography and evolution
of the subterranean invertebrate faunas of Illinois and southeastern
Missouri. National Speleological Society Bulletin 40(2): 39-63.
Reynolds, J. W. 1977a. The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta).
III. Komarekionidae, with notes on distribution and biology.
Megadrilogica 3: 65-69.
Reynolds, J. W. 1977b. The earthworms (Lumbricidae and Sparganophilidae)
of Ontario. Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications, Royal
Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ix + 141 pp.
Reynolds, J. W. 1978. The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta).
IV. Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and
a key to the species in the state. Megadrilogica 3: 117-129.
Reynolds, J. W. 1980. The earthworm family Sparganophilidae
(Annelida, Oligochaeta) in North America. Megadrilogica 3:
189-204.
Reynolds, J. W. 1994. The status of exotic earthworm systematics
and biogeography in North America. Pages 1-27, in P. F. Hendrix,
editor. Ecology and biogeography of earthworms in North America.
Lewis Publishing, Boca Raton, Florida.
Reynolds, J. W. 1995a. The distribution of earthworms (Annelida,
Oligochaeta) in North America. Pages 133-153, in P.C. Mishra,
N. Behera, B.K. Senapati, and B.C. Guru, (editors). Advances
in Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Ashish Publishing House,
New Delhi. 651 pp.
Reynolds, J. W. 1995b. Earthworms of the world. Global Biodiversity
4(1): 11-16.
Reynolds, J.W. 1995c. The status of exotic earthworm systematics
and biogeography in North America. Pp. 1-17, In P.F. Hendrix,
Editor. Ecology and biogeography fo earthworms in North America.
Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL. 244 pp.
Reynolds, J. W. 2001. Sparganophilidae -- are terrestrial
oligochaetologists missing the habitat in North America? Megadrilogica
8(11): 82-84.
Reynolds, J. W., and D. G. Cook. 1976. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica.
A catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of the
Oligochaeta. Univ. New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.
x + 217 pp. [This catalog, and the first supplement, cited
below, are available from University of New Brunswick Bookstore,
P. O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3, for CAN$20.00
(which includes GST {Canada's goods and services tax}; the
second and third supplements, also cited below, are available,
at no charge, from the New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Avenue,
Saint John, NB, Canada E2K 1E5.].
Reynolds, J. W., and D. G. Cook. 1981. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica.
Supplementum primum. A catalogue of names, descriptions and
type specimens of the Oligochaeta. [published by the University
of New Brunswick] Fredericton, New Brunswick. v + 39 pp. [to
order, see note above].
Reynolds, J. W., and D. G. Cook. 1989. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica.
Supplementum secundum. A catalogue of names, descriptions
and type specimens of the Oligochaeta. New Brunswick Mus.
Monogr. Ser. (Nat. Sci.) No. 8. v + 37 pp. [this second supplement
is available, at no charge, from the New Brunswick Museum,
277 Douglas Avenue, Saint John, NB, Canada E2K 1E5.].
Reynolds, J. W., and D. G. Cook. 1993. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica.
Supplementum tertium. A catalogue of names, descriptions and
type specimens of the Oligochaeta. New Brunswick Mus. Monogr.
Ser. (Nat. Sci.) No. 9. vi + 33 pp. [this third supplement
is available, at no charge, from the New Brunswick Museum,
277 Douglas Avenue, Saint John, NB, Canada E2K 1E5.].
Reynolds, J. W., and Reynolds, K. W. 1992. Les vers de terre
(Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae et Sparganophilidae) sur la rive
nord du Saint-Laurent (QuZ˙bec). Megadrilogica 4: 145-161.
Reynolds, J. W., E. E. C. Clebsch, and W. M. Reynolds. 1974.
The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). I. Lumbricidae.
Continental North American Earthworms (Oligochaeta), no. 13.
Bulletin of the Tall Timbers Research Station 17: 1-133.
Sims, R.W., and E.G. Easton. 1972. A numerical revision
of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae:
Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix
on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo
Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 4(3):
169-268, with 4 figures.
Schwert, D. P. 1990. Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae. Pages 341-356,
in D. L. Dindal, editor. Soil Biology Guide. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York.
Timm, T. 1981. On the origin and evolution of aquatic Oligochaeta.
Eesti NSV Tead. Akad. Toim. Biologia 30(3): 174-181.
Wetzel, M. J. 1992. Aquatic Annelida of Illinois: Introduction
and checklist of species. Trans. Illinois St. Acad. Sci. 85(1
and 2): 87-101.
Zaborski, E.R., and L.A.S. Gittenger. 2001. Amynthas
hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae)
in Illinois, USA, with observations on worm circling. Megadrilogica
8(4): 13-16.
Send any problems or questions regarding
this document to: mjwetzel@uiuc.edu
Suggested citation for this electronic
web page: Wetzel, M. J. 2003. The Terrestrial Oligochaeta
of Illinois - annotated checklist of species. World Wide
Web URL: [http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cbd/collections/annelid/ilspecies.html]
12 March 2003.
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