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Fossil Angiosperms

Solving Charles Darwin's "Abominable Mystery"

Science Magazine Review of Origin of Angiosperms

Deep Time

Floral Genome Project's Virtual Flower

READINGS FOR ORIGINS OF THE ANGIOSPERMS
Bessey, C. E. 1915. The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2: 109-164.

Chase, M. W., D. E. Soltis, R. G. Olmstead, D. Morgan, et al. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 528-580.

Crane, P. R. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of Angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72: 716-793.

Cronquist, A. 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants, second edition. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. [Chapters 4 and 5]

Donoghue, M. J. 1989. Phylogenies and the analysis of evolutionary sequences, with examples from seed plants. Evolution 43: 1137-1156.

—— and J.A. Doyle. 1989. Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of Hamaamelidae. Pp. 17-45 in P.R. Crane and S. Blackmore (editors), Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of Hamamelidae. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Doyle, J. A. 1988. Pollen evolution in seed plants: a cladistic perspective. Journal of Palynology 24: 7-18.

——, and M. J. Donoghue. 1986. Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperms: an experimental cladistic approach. Botanical Review 52: 321-43 1.

——, and ——. 1987. The importance of fossils in elucidating seed plant phylogeny and macroevolution. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 50: 63-95.

Friedman, W.E. 1990. Double fertilization in Ephedra, a nonflowering seed plant: its bearing on angiosperms. Science 247: 951-954.

——. 1998. The evolution of double fertilization and endosperm: an "historical" perspective. Sexual Plant Reproduction 11: 6-16.

Hill, C. R., and P. R. Crane. 1982. Evolutionary cladistics and the origin of the angiosperms. In: K.A. Joysey & E.A. Friday (eds.), Problems of phylogenetic reconstruction, pp. 269- 361. London: Academic Press.

Loconte, H., and D. W. Stevenson. 1990. Cladistics of the Spermatophyta. Brittonia 42: 197- 211.

Parenti, L.R. 1980. A phylogenetic analysis of the land plants. Journal of the Linnean Society, Biology 13:225-242.

Radford, A. E., W. C. Dicldnson, J. R. Massey, & C. R. Bell. 1974. Vascular plant systematics. New York: Harper & Row. [massive volume containing good, thorough discussion of thought on this any many other topics; now somewhat outdated, but still useful]

Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, D. L. Nickrent, L. A. Johnson, W. J. Hahn, S. B. Hoot, J. A. Sweere, R. K. Kuzoff, K. A. Kron, M. W. Chase, S. M. Swensen, E. A. Zimmer, S.-M. Chaw, L. J. Gillespie, W. J. Kress, and K. J. Sytsma. 1997. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 84: 1-49.

Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, M. W. Chase. 1999. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology. Nature 402: 402-404.

Stebbin, G. L. 1974. Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Young, D.A., & P.M. Richardson. 1982. A phylogenetic analysis of extant seedplants: the need to utilize homologous characters. Taxon 31:250-254.